Current-mode signal path of an integrated radio frequency pulse generator

ABSTRACT

One or more systems, devices and/or methods of use provided herein relate to a device that can facilitate a signal generation. A current-mode end-to-end signal path can include a digital to analog converter (DAC) operating in current-mode and an upconverting mixer, operating in current-mode and operatively coupled to the DAC. Analog inputs and analog outputs of the DAC and the upconverting mixer can be represented as currents, and the DAC can generate a baseband signal. In one or more embodiments, a current source and a diode-connected transistor can be arranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path between a baseband filter and an output stage comprising the upconverting mixer. The device and/or system can be a radio frequency DAC. The diode-connected transistor can be programmable to vary gain and/or can be directly connected to the output stage absent a turnaround current mirror connected therebetween.

FIELD OF USE

The present disclosure relates generally to an integrated radiofrequency pulse generator system utilizing a current-mode end-to-endsignal path.

BACKGROUND

Quantum computing is generally the use of quantum-mechanical phenomenato perform computing and information processing functions. Quantumcomputing can be viewed in contrast to classical computing, whichgenerally operates on binary values with transistors. That is, whileclassical computers can operate on bit values that are either 0 or 1,quantum computers operate on quantum bits (qubits) that comprisesuperpositions of both 0 and 1. Quantum computing has the potential tosolve problems that, due to computational complexity, cannot be solvedor can only be solved slowly on a classical computer.

SUMMARY

The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of oneor more embodiments of the invention. This summary is not intended toidentify key or critical elements, delineate scope of particularembodiments or scope of claims. Its sole purpose is to present conceptsin a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description thatis presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein,systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer programproducts facilitate an integrated radio frequency pulse generatorsystem, and more specifically, utilizing a current-mode end-to-endsignal path to reduce power consumption and enhance linearity between adigital to analog converter (DAC) and subsequent stages in a signalchain. This can facilitate realization of a favorable set of trade-offsregarding power consumption and distortion.

In accordance with an embodiment, a device can comprise a basebandfilter and an output stage defining a current-mode signal path, and acurrent source and a diode-connected transistor arranged in parallel inthe current-mode signal path, wherein the diode-connected transistor isselectively adjustable to vary gain.

In accordance with another embodiment, a method can comprise outputtinga radio frequency output signal by a radio frequency (RF) pulsegenerator operatively coupled to a quantum processor, wherein the RFpulse generator comprises a baseband filter and an output stage defininga current-mode signal path, and a current source and a diode-connectedtransistor arranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path, whereinthe diode-connected transistor is programmable to vary gain.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a system can comprise aquantum controller, and a radio frequency (RF) pulse generatorcontrolled by the quantum controller, wherein the RF pulse generatorcomprises a baseband filter and an output stage defining a current-modesignal path, and a current source and a diode-connected transistorarranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path, wherein thediode-connected transistor is directly connected to the output stageabsent a turnaround current mirror connected between the diode-connectedtransistor and the output stage.

An advantage of the aforementioned device, system and/or method can beability to employ a lower ratio of static bias to signal current at theoutput stage as compared to as employed at the baseband filter. Anotheradvantage of the aforementioned device, system and/or method can be theability to adjust the gain of the current-mode signal path byprogramming the active width of the diode-connected transistor, so thatthe gain can be varied over a wide range and/or with fine resolution. Inconnection therewith, current can be reused, power efficiency can beimproved, and distortion products can be reduced, relative to one ormore embodiments of an RF pulse generator device not employing theparallel arrangement of a current source and a diode-connectedtransistor coupled in the current-mode signal path between the basebandfilter and the output stage. Further improvements in power efficiencyand reductions in distortion products can be achieved by directlyconnecting the diode-connected transistor to the output stage absent anintermediate stage such as a turnaround current mirror connected betweenthe diode-connected transistor and the output stage.

As a result of the aforementioned advantages, less power relative tooperating one or more qubits of a quantum system can be employed.Reduced power consumption can allow for increased scaling of qubits of aquantum system. Furthermore, the components of the device and/or systemcan be employed within and/or relative to a cryogenic chamber, such as adilution refrigerator.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, the current source can pass a static current and thediode-connected transistor can pass both a static current and a dynamiccurrent. A related advantage can be, depending on one or more parametersand/or specifications of the current source and diode-connectedtransistor employed, an ability to alter the ratio of static bias tosignal current between an input and an output of a respective deviceand/or system. This advantage can be realized absent a turnaroundcurrent mirror connected between the diode-connected transistor and theoutput stage.

In accordance with still another embodiment, a device can comprise abaseband filter and an output stage defining a current-mode signal path,and a current source and a programmable diode-connected transistorarranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path, wherein the outputstage comprises a pair of parallelly connected output stage portions,and wherein the programmable diode-connected transistor is directlyconnected to one of the output stage portions.

An advantage of the aforementioned device can be an ability to employ alower ratio of static bias to signal current at the output stage ascompared to as employed at the baseband filter. In connection therewith,current can be reused, power efficiency can be improved, and distortionproducts can be reduced, relative to one or more embodiments of an RFpulse generator device not employing the parallel arrangement of acurrent source and a diode-connected transistor coupled in thecurrent-mode signal path between the baseband filter and the outputstage. Further improvements in power efficiency and reductions indistortion products can be achieved by directly connecting thediode-connected transistor to the output stage absent an intermediatestage such as a turnaround current mirror connected between thediode-connected transistor and the output stage.

As a result of the aforementioned advantages, less power relative tooperating one or more qubits of a quantum system can be employed.Reduced power consumption can allow for increased scaling of qubits of aquantum system. Furthermore, the components of the device and/or systemcan be employed within and/or relative to a cryogenic chamber, such as adilution refrigerator.

Yet another advantage of the aforementioned device can be an ability todynamically and/or selectively vary gain at the device, so that the gainof the current-mode signal path can be adjusted. The gain of thecurrent-mode signal path can be adjusted over a large range and/or withfine resolution by programming the active width of the diode-connectedtransistor, as this changes the mirroring gain between thediode-connected transistor and the subsequent stage. This advantage canbe realized absent a turnaround current mirror connected between thediode-connected transistor and the output stage.

In accordance with another embodiment, a device can comprise a basebandfilter and an output stage defining a current-mode signal path, and aprogrammable current source and a programmable diode-connectedtransistor arranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path, whereinthe programmable diode-connected transistor is directly connected to theoutput stage absent a turnaround current mirror connected between theprogrammable diode-connected transistor and the output stage.

An advantage of the aforementioned device can be an ability to employ alower ratio of static bias to signal current at the output stage ascompared to as employed at the baseband filter. Another advantage of theaforementioned device, system and/or method can be the ability to adjustthe gain of the current-mode signal path by programming the active widthof the diode-connected transistor, so that the gain can be varied over awide range and/or with fine resolution. In connection therewith, currentcan be reused, power efficiency can be improved, and distortion productscan be reduced, relative to one or more embodiments of an RF pulsegenerator device not employing the parallel arrangement of a currentsource and a diode-connected transistor coupled in the current-modesignal path between the baseband filter and the output stage. Furtherimprovements in power efficiency and reductions in distortion productscan be achieved by directly connecting the diode-connected transistor tothe output stage absent an intermediate stage such as a turnaroundcurrent mirror connected between the diode-connected transistor and theoutput stage.

As a result of the aforementioned advantages, less power relative tooperating one or more qubits of a quantum system can be employed.Reduced power consumption can allow for increased scaling of qubits of aquantum system. Furthermore, the components of the device and/or systemcan be employed within and/or relative to a cryogenic chamber, such as adilution refrigerator.

Yet another advantage of the aforementioned device can be an ability todynamically and/or selectively vary gain at the device, so that the gainof the current-mode signal path can be adjusted. The gain of thecurrent-mode signal path can be adjusted over a large range and/or withfine resolution by programming the active width of the diode-connectedtransistor, as this changes the mirroring gain between thediode-connected transistor and the subsequent stage. This advantage canbe realized absent a turnaround current mirror connected between thediode-connected transistor and the output stage.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned devices, theprogrammable current source can pass a static current and thediode-connected transistor can pass both a static current and a dynamiccurrent. A related advantage can be, depending on one or more parametersand/or specifications of the current source and diode-connectedtransistor employed, an ability to alter the ratio of static bias tosignal current between an input and an output of a respective deviceand/or system. This advantage can be realized absent a turnaroundcurrent mirror connected between the diode-connected transistor and theoutput stage.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting systemthat can facilitate operation of one or more qubits, in accordance withone or more embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example system implementationthat implements an integrated radio frequency (RF) pulse generatorutilizing a current-mode signal path.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example framework of a methodology to integrate aradio frequency (RF) pulse generator utilizing a current-mode end-to-endsignal path.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example architecture of a radio frequency (RF)pulse generator signal chain.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example schematic of a current-mode implementationof the end-to-end signal path from output of the digital-to-analogconverter (DAC) to output of the RF pulse generator.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example simulation result of an overall radiofrequency (RF) pulse generator signal chain.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting methodthat can facilitate use of a device, in accordance with one or moreembodiments described herein.

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting,operating environment in which one or more embodiments described hereincan be facilitated.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting, cloudcomputing environment in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of example, non-limiting,abstraction model layers in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject embodiments described herein generally relate to anintegrated radio frequency (RF) pulse generator and more specifically,to utilizing a current-mode end-to-end signal path to reduce powerconsumption, reduce distortion and enhance linearity between a digitalto analog converter (DAC) and adjacent stages in a signal chain.

The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is notintended to limit embodiments and/or application or utilization ofembodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by anyexpressed or implied information presented in the preceding Summarysection, or in the Detailed Description section. One or more embodimentsare now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like referencenumerals are utilized to refer to like elements throughout. In thefollowing description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specificdetails are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understandingof the one or more embodiments. It is evident, however, in variouscases, that the one or more embodiments can be practiced without thesespecific details.

Generally, on a large scale, quantum computing cloud service providerscan execute millions of quantum jobs for users during a year. Eachquantum job can include the execution of one or more quantum programs.Where qubit states only can exist (or can only be coherent) for alimited amount of time, an objective of operation of a quantum logiccircuit (e.g., including one or more qubits) can be to reduce the timeof the operation and/or increase the speed of the operation. Time spentto operate the quantum logic circuit can undesirably reduce theavailable time of operation on one or more qubits. This can be due tothe available coherence time of the one or more qubits prior todecoherence of the one or more qubits. For example, a qubit state can belost in less than 100 to 200 microseconds in some cases. Further,operations on qubits generally introduce some error, such as some levelof decoherence and/or some level of quantum noise, further affectingqubit availability. Quantum noise can refer to noise attributable to thediscrete and/or probabilistic natures of quantum interactions. Devicedesigns that prolong the lifetime of the quantum state and extend thecoherence time can be desirable.

Also, on the large scale, a large quantity of quantum jobs can createpressure to execute the respective quantum programs quickly. That is,increased speed of execution can directly and/or indirectly correlate tomaximizing system usage, minimizing users having to wait for measurementresults, and/or minimizing undesirable consuming of classicalcomputational resources. Pressure also can be created to execute thesequantum jobs well, so that a maximum performance can be extracted fromnear-term error-prone systems, so that a quality of measurementsrelative to the one or more qubits of the respective quantum systemsand/or so that compiling into physical-level pulses can be improved(e.g., related to accuracy, precision and/or measurement efficiency).

Physical, real-world, quantum logic circuits controlled by a quantumsystem can include a plurality of qubits. One type of qubit, asuperconducting qubit, can include a Josephson junction, and operatesgenerally only within a cryogenic chamber, such as a dilutionrefrigerator. One or more such superconducting qubits can be multiplexedper measurement circuit contained within the cryogenic chamber.

Arbitrary waveform generation capability with variable amplitude and lowdistortion can be desirable in multiple contexts, including in controlof qubits. A key circuit in an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) can bea digital to analog converter (DAC), which can be valuable in a varietyof applications, including wireless transmitters and implementing qubitcontrol pulses. Minimizing power consumption and reducing distortion forsuch designs can be valuable, especially in context of cryogenic signalgeneration for qubit control. Challenges with designs that utilizevoltage mode representations for a signal path can include high dynamicrange requirements at block interfaces, leading to non-linear behaviorand the generation of undesired distortion products. Undesireddistortion products can be considered a source of noise or disturbancesin the system, and thus can contribute to reducing the coherence time ofone or more qubits in the cryogenic chamber, for example.

Another challenge can be significant power consumption per block, withno opportunity for power efficiency that comes from current reuse. Whenscaling a quantum system to include an increased number of qubits, powerefficiency can be not only desirable, but also a factor that can enablethe scaling to include the increased number of qubits.

More particularly, quantum computation utilizes a qubit as its essentialunit instead of a classical computing bit. A qubit (e.g., quantum binarydigit) is a quantum-mechanical analog of a classical bit. Whereasclassical bits can employ only one of two basis states (e.g., 0 or 1),qubits can employ superpositions of those basis states (e.g., α|0

+β|1

, where α and β are complex scalars (such that |α|²+|β|²=1), allowingseveral qubits to theoretically hold exponentially more information thanthe same number of classical bits. Thus, quantum computers (e.g.,computers that employ qubits instead of solely classical bits) can, intheory, quickly solve problems that can be extremely difficult forclassical computers. The bits of a classical computer are simply binarydigits, with a value of either 0 or 1. Almost any device with twodistinct states can serve to represent a classical bit: a switch, avalve, a magnet, a coin, or similar binary-type state measure. Qubits,partaking of the quantum mystique, can occupy a superposition of 0 and 1states. It is not that the qubit can have an intermediate value, such as0.63; when the state of the qubit is measured, the result is either 0or 1. But in the course of a computation, a qubit can act as if it werea mixture of states—for example: 63 percent 0 and 37 percent 1.

Indeed, general quantum programs require coordination of quantum andclassical parts of a computation. One way to contemplate general quantumprograms is to identify processes and abstractions involved inspecifying a quantum algorithm, transforming the algorithm intoexecutable form, running an experiment or simulation, and analyzing theresults. A notion throughout these processes is use of intermediaterepresentations. An intermediate representation (IR) of computation isneither its source language description nor target machine instructions,but something in between. Compilers can utilize several IRs during aprocess of translating and optimizing a program. An input is a sourcecode describing a quantum algorithm and compile time parameter(s). Anoutput is a combined quantum/classical program expressed using ahigh-level IR. A distinction between quantum and classical computers isthat the quantum computer is probabilistic, thus measurements ofalgorithmic outputs provide a proper solution within an algorithmspecific confidence interval. Computation is repeated until asatisfactorily probable certainty of solution can be achieved.

By processing information using laws of quantum mechanics, quantumcomputers offer novel ways to perform computation tasks such asmolecular calculations, optical photons, optimization, and many more.Many algorithms and system components are introduced to perform suchcomputational tasks efficiently. For example, radio frequency (RF) pulsegenerators (often incorporating one or more digital to analogconverters) can be valuable in a variety of applications, includingwireless transmitters and implementing control pulses for qubits. Therecan be one or more challenges with designs that utilize voltage moderepresentations for a signal path which include high dynamic rangerequirements at block interfaces, leading to nonlinear behavior andgeneration of higher amplitude distortion products. Another challengecan be significant power consumption per block, with no opportunity forpower efficiency that comes from current reuse. Thus, embodiments hereinpropose a current-mode end-to-end signal path to facilitate realizationof a favorable set of trade-offs regarding power consumption anddistortion. These benefits can be best achieved by implementing theentire chain in current-mode.

The one or more embodiments described herein relate generally to RFpulse generator systems and methods that implement a current-modeend-to-end path from a digital to analog converter (DAC) through anoutput stage which enables realization of a favorable set of trade-offsregarding power consumption and distortion. This can be realized by adevice (e.g., radio frequency (RF) pulse generator) and/or portion ofthe device that can alter the ratio of static (bias) current to dynamic(signal) current at different circuit stages. That is, an input stage ofthe device can employ a higher ratio of static (bias) current to dynamic(signal) current for sake of better linearity, with the ratio of static(bias) current to dynamic (signal) current being reduced for an outputstage of the device. Elements of a signal path of the device can be aDAC, baseband filter, mixer, attenuator, and an output chain component.Benefits can be achieved by implementing an entire chain incurrent-mode. One or more embodiments optionally can utilize radiofrequency digital to analog converters (RFDACs).

Current-mode signal processing is well suited for low distortionapplications, as it can reduce voltage swings at various nodes ofinterest of an employed device, circuit and/or signal path. Anotherbenefit of current-mode circuits is that they can make possible currentreuse, in which the bias and signal currents of one stage are sharedwith another stage (typically by stacking the circuit stages). Sincereuse can decrease the total current drawn from the power supply,circuit power efficiency can be improved. Traditional current-mode inputfilters using an operational amplifier consume significant amount ofpower and have limitations to high frequency applications. Whileintroducing a current-mode signal path design in implementation of anintegrated RF pulse generator can improve the circuit power efficiency,one or more embodiments described herein provide an improvedcurrent-mode signal path design that can further improve circuit powerefficiency.

That is, implementing an efficient current-mode filter stage can be akey part of realizing a proposed end-to-end current-mode signal path,which has been developed for low-power consumption through leverage ofcurrent reuse and enhancing end-to-end linearity by minimizingvoltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. Low output signalcan be a design construction that can be an advantage to a system inimplementing a signal chain efficiently. Moreover, the integrated RFpulse generator solution can enable cascaded solutions usingcurrent-mode approaches. Because both the input and output signals of acurrent-mode filter stage are currents, the filter stages can becascaded by connecting the output of one filter stage to the input ofanother filter stage. This cascading of current-mode filter stages canbe used to construct higher-order filters (e.g., with sharper roll-offcharacteristics).

To achieve the reduction in ratio of static (bias) current to dynamic(signal) current, one or more embodiments described herein can employ acircuit device in the signal path between the baseband filter and anoutput stage of the device, where the output stage can include themixer, attenuator and output chain component. In particular, one or moreembodiments described herein can integrate a pair of components arrangedin parallel in the current-mode signal path. Generally, the pair ofcomponents can enable splitting of a current from the baseband filterbetween the pair of components. As a result, a static current can beprovided at one component of the pair, such as a current source, andboth a static current and a dynamic current can be provided at the othercomponent of the pair, such as a diode-connected transistor.

Placing the parallel combination of a current source and adiode-connected transistor in the current-mode signal path enablesrealization of a reduced ratio of static (bias) current to dynamic(signal) current at the output stage (e.g., mixer and attenuator) ascompared to at the baseband filter. In contrast, the ratio of static(bias) current to dynamic (signal) current cannot be altered with asimple current mirror, as such a mirror scales up or down both thestatic (bias) current and the dynamic (signal) current by the samefactor. This decoupling of the static current of the baseband filterfrom the static current of the output stage can provide one or moreadvantages in the realization of a high performance yet power-efficientRF pulse generator. For example, operating the baseband filter with alarge ratio of static (bias) current to dynamic (signal) current mayimprove its distortion performance, but operating the output stage atsuch a large ratio reduces its power efficiency, which is importantsince the output stage often dominates the power consumption of thesystem. Decoupling of the static current of the baseband filter from thestatic current of the output stage allows the former to be operated withhigh linearity and low distortion and the latter to be operated withgood power efficiency, so that a better trade-off between distortionperformance and power consumption can be achieved for the system. Makingthe diode-connected transistor programmable (i.e., with switchableactive width) provides a gain control mechanism for the current-modesignal path, which is another advantage of the topology.

One or more embodiments are now described with reference to thedrawings, where like referenced numerals are used to refer to likeelements throughout. As used herein, the terms “entity”, “requestingentity” and “user entity” can refer to a machine, device, component,hardware, software, smart device and/or human. In the followingdescription, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the oneor more embodiments. It is evident, however, in various cases, that theone or more embodiments can be practiced without these specific details.

Embodiments depicted in one or more figures described herein are forillustration only, and as such, the architecture of embodiments is notlimited to the systems, devices and/or components depicted therein, norto any particular order, connection and/or coupling of systems, devicesand/or components depicted therein. For example, in one or moreembodiments, the non-limiting systems described herein, such asnon-limiting system 100 as illustrated at FIG. 1 , and/or systemsthereof, can further comprise, be associated with and/or be coupled toone or more computer and/or computing-based elements described hereinwith reference to an operating environment, such as the operatingenvironment 800 illustrated at FIG. 8 . In one or more describedembodiments, computer and/or computing-based elements can be used inconnection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices,components and/or computer-implemented operations shown and/or describedin connection with FIG. 1 and/or with other figures described herein.

Turning first generally to FIG. 1 , one or more embodiments describedherein can include one or more devices, systems and/or apparatuses thatcan facilitate executing one or more quantum operations to facilitateoutput of one or more quantum results. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates ablock diagram of an example, non-limiting system 100 that can enhanceexecution of a quantum job, such as by enhancing power consumptionrelative to arbitrary waveform generation relative to the quantum job.

The quantum system 101 (e.g., quantum computer system, superconductingquantum computer system and/or the like) can employ quantum algorithmsand/or quantum circuitry, including computing components and/or devices,to perform quantum operations and/or functions on input data to produceresults that can be output to an entity. The quantum circuitry cancomprise quantum bits (qubits), such as multi-bit qubits, physicalcircuit level components, high level components and/or functions. Thequantum circuitry can comprise physical pulses that can be structured(e.g., arranged and/or designed) to perform desired quantum functionsand/or computations on data (e.g., input data and/or intermediate dataderived from input data) to produce one or more quantum results as anoutput. The quantum results, e.g., quantum measurement 120, can beresponsive to the quantum job request 104 and associated input data andcan be based at least in part on the input data, quantum functionsand/or quantum computations.

In one or more embodiments, the quantum system 101 can comprise one ormore quantum components, such as a quantum operation component 103, aquantum controller 106, a waveform generator 110, and a quantum logiccircuit 108 (also herein referred to as a quantum processor), comprisingone or more qubits, e.g., qubits 107A, 107B and/or 107C (also hereinreferred to as qubit devices 107A, 107B and 107C).

The quantum controller 106 can comprise any suitable processor. Thequantum controller 106 can generate one or more instructions forcontrolling the one or more processes of the quantum operation component103 and/or for controlling the quantum logic circuit 108 and/or waveformgenerator 110.

The quantum operation component 103 can obtain (e.g., download, receive,search for and/or the like) a quantum job request 104 requestingexecution of one or more quantum programs. The quantum operationcomponent 103 can determine one or more quantum logic circuits, such asthe quantum logic circuit 108, for executing the quantum program. Therequest 104 can be provided in any suitable format, such as a textformat, binary format and/or another suitable format. In one or moreembodiments, the request 104 can be received by a component other than acomponent of the quantum system 101, such as a by a component of aclassical system coupled to and/or in communication with the quantumsystem 101.

The waveform generator 110 can perform one or more quantum processes,calculations and/or measurements for operating one or more quantumcircuits on the one or more qubits 107A, 107B and/or 107C. For example,the waveform generator 110 can operate one or more qubit effectors, suchas qubit oscillators, harmonic oscillators, pulse generators and/or thelike to cause one or more pulses to stimulate and/or manipulate thestate(s) of the one or more qubits 107A, 107B and/or 107C comprised bythe quantum system 101. That is, the waveform generator 110, such as incombination with the quantum controller 106, can execute operation of aquantum logic circuit on one or more qubits of the circuit (e.g., qubit107A, 107B and/or 107C). In response, the quantum operation component103 can output one or more quantum job results, such as one or morequantum measurements 120, in response to the quantum job request 104.

As will be described below in further detail, the waveform generator 110can comprise a current-mode device that reduces a ratio of static biasto signal current along a signal path of the current-mode device. Thisreduction in ratio between a baseband filter and an output stage of thedevice can reduce distortion and/or increase power efficiency relativeto one or more waveform and/or signal generations of the quantum system101.

The quantum logic circuit 108 and a portion or all of the waveformgenerator 110 can be contained in a cryogenic environment, which can beprovided with a cryogenic chamber 116, such as a dilution refrigerator.Indeed, a signal can be generated by the waveform generator 110 withinthe cryogenic chamber 116 to manipulate and/or control the one or morequbits 107A-C. Where qubits 107A, 107B and 107C are superconductingqubits, cryogenic temperatures, such as about 4K or lower can beemployed to facilitate function of these physical qubits. Accordingly,the elements of the waveform generator 110 also are to be constructed toperform at such cryogenic temperatures.

The following/aforementioned description(s) refer(s) to the operation ofa single quantum program from a single quantum job request. However, oneor more of the processes described herein can be scalable, such asexecution of one or more quantum programs and/or quantum job requests inparallel with one another.

In one or more embodiments, the non-limiting system 100 can be a hybridsystem and thus can include both one or more classical systems, such asa quantum program implementation system, and one or more quantumsystems, such as the quantum system 101. In one or more otherembodiments, the quantum system 101 can be separate from, but functionin combination with, a classical system.

In such case, one or more communications between one or more componentsof the non-limiting system 100 and a classical system can be facilitatedby wired and/or wireless means including, but not limited to, employinga cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet),and/or a local area network (LAN). Suitable wired or wirelesstechnologies for facilitating the communications can include, withoutbeing limited to, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobilecommunications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS),worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhancedgeneral packet radio service (enhanced GPRS), third generationpartnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), third generationpartnership project 2 (3GPP2) ultra-mobile broadband (UMB), high speedpacket access (HSPA), Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologiesand/or legacy telecommunication technologies, BLUETOOTH®, SessionInitiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHARTprotocol, 6LoWPAN (Ipv6 over Low power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave,an ANT, an ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocol and/or otherproprietary and/or non-proprietary communication protocols.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example non-limiting system 200(also herein referred to as a device) that can be comprised by thewaveform generator 110 of the quantum system 101 of the non-limitingsystem 100 of FIG. 1 . The non-limiting system 200 can access data andprocess that data using variable computing components depicted inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Portions ofsystems (e.g., non-limiting system 200 and the like), apparatuses orprocesses explained herein can constitute machine-executablecomponent(s) embodied within machine(s), e.g., embodied in one or morecomputer readable mediums (or media) associated with one or moremachines. Such component(s), when executed by the one or more machines,e.g., computer(s), computing device(s), virtual machine(s), etc. cancause the machine(s) to perform operations described herein. Repetitivedescription of like elements employed in one or more embodimentsdescribed herein is omitted for sake of brevity.

Generally, the subject computer processing system(s), methods,apparatuses and/or computer program products can be employed to solvenew problems that can arise through advancements in technology, computernetworks, the Internet and the like.

In today's digital world, one of the largest growth areas in electronicshas been in applications of wireless communications. Modern radiofrequency systems such as 3G/4G/5G base stations are based on widebandmulti-channel architectures. To facilitate flexibility in signalgeneration, modulation, and processing, modern RF transmitters typicallyemploy one or more high-speed digital to analog converters (DACs). Suchhigh-speed DACs provide arbitrary waveform generation capability for RFsignals, which can be useful in both quantum-related and non-quantumrelated applications, as indicated above.

One such quantum-related application can be the control of qubits in thefield of quantum computing, where there is a desire for generating RFcontrol pulses with variable amplitudes and low distortion (highspectral purity). Minimizing power consumption for such RF pulsegenerators is valuable, especially in the context of cryogenic signalgeneration for qubit control. A challenge with designs that utilizevoltage mode representations for the signal path includes high dynamicrange requirements at block interfaces, leading to nonlinear behaviorand the generation of higher amplitude distortion products. Thus, theseembodiments propose a promising solution to this problem by introducinga current-mode signal path design in the implementation of an integratedRF pulse generator system, and for example, a system and/or device thatcan provide current reuse, and thus power efficiency improvement and/orrelated distortion reduction as compared to existing techniques.

The non-limiting system 200 can facilitate an integrated radio frequency(RF) pulse generator utilizing a current-mode signal path. Embodimentsdescribed herein relate to maintaining elements of a signal path, adigital to analog converter (DAC) 202, baseband filter 204, currentratio reduction device 205, upconverting mixer 206, radio frequency (RF)attenuator 208, an output component 212 (e.g., a current-modeamplifier), and an offset component 214. The radio frequency (RF)attenuator 208 and an output component 212 together can be regarded asat least a portion of an output stage 214 of the non-limiting system200. In one or more embodiments, the upconverting mixer 206 can beconsidered as at least a portion of the output stage 214. Benefits canbe achieved by implementing an entire chain in current-mode. AlthoughFIG. 2 depicts utilization of the upconverting mixer 206 and the RFattenuator 208, together, other embodiments can omit one or more ofthese components as well as cascade respective components in anysuitable manner.

Non-limiting system 200 can optionally include a server device, one ormore networks and one or more devices (not shown) and/or such elementscan be comprised more generally by the quantum system 101, where thenon-limiting system 200 is comprised by such quantum system 101.

The non-limiting system 200 can also include or otherwise be associatedwith the digital to analog converter 202 operating in current-modewherein analog inputs and analog outputs of system blocks arerepresented as currents. The digital signal input to the DAC 202 can be,for example, baseband digital in-phase and quadrature data (I and Qdata) representing any suitable signals such as, for example, signalsfor a wireless transmitter, signals for implementing control pulses forqubits, etc., but are not limited to such. The analog output of DAC 202in the form of a current can be directed to a baseband filter 204. Thebaseband current output of the baseband filter 204 can be frequencytranslated up to RF frequencies by an upconverting mixer 206, which canbe driven by a local oscillator (LO) signal. Optionally the LO signalwaveform can use complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)rail-to-rail levels, such as those generated by a CMOS inverter.

The radio frequency (RF) attenuator 208 can operate with the DAC 202,baseband filter 204, and the upconverting mixer 206. Output component212 receives an output current of the RF attenuator 208. In one or moreembodiments, the output component 212 can include an impedanceconversion component (e.g., a transformer or current-mode amplifier).The corresponding signal chain can produce an output current signal withthe DAC 202, baseband filter 204, the upconverting mixer 206, and the RFattenuator 208. Direct current (DC) offsets in the baseband signals (forinstance, DC offsets in the output currents of the baseband filter 204)can be converted by the upconverting mixer to unwanted LO tones (LO“leakage”) in the output of the RF pulse generator system 200. Tosuppress such LO leakage, DC offset cancellation can be applied by anoffset component 214, which adds a compensating DC offset to thebaseband signal. The DAC 202, the baseband filter 204, the current ratioreduction device 205, the upconverting mixer 206, the RF attenuator 208,the output component 212 and/or the offset component 214 can becryo-electronic component(s) (e.g., electronic component(s) that canoperate at cryogenic temperatures).

In an implementation, a current-mode end-to-end path from the digital toanalog converter (DAC) 202 through output component 212 can facilitaterealization of a favorable set of trade-offs regarding power consumptionand distortion. In this signal path, the DAC 202 operating incurrent-mode can implement an integrated DAC solution wherein thebaseband filter 204 incorporated with upconverting mixer 206 and RFattenuator 208 can operate in current-mode wherein analog input andanalog output signals between system blocks can be represented ascurrents. The upconverting mixer 206 can be driven by an LO signal,which optionally may use complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)rail-to-rail levels. The radio frequency (RF) attenuator 208 can operatewith the DAC 202, baseband filter 204, current ratio reduction device205 and the upconverting mixer 206. This methodology can facilitate lowoutput signal requirements to implement the signal chain efficiently,particularly in view of the current ratio reduction device 205, to bedescribed in detail below. Thus, the current-mode signal path of anintegrated RF pulse generator solution may facilitate reduced powerconsumption through leverage of current reuse, enhance linearity byminimizing voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions, andenable cascaded solutions using current-mode approaches.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example framework 300 of a methodology tointegrate a radio frequency (RF) pulse generator utilizing acurrent-mode end-to-end signal path. Facets of the framework areoperating a digital to analog converter (DAC) in current-mode at 302, at303 employing a current ratio reduction device comprising a currentsource and a diode-connected transistor, wherein the diode-connectedtransistor is programmable to vary gain. At 304 a facet comprisesdirectly connecting the diode-connected transistor and the output stage,absent a turnaround current mirror connected therebetween. At 306, afacet comprises operating in current-mode an upconverting mixeroperatively coupled to the DAC. At 308, a facet comprises representinganalog inputs and analog outputs of the DAC and the upconverting mixeras currents, and the DAC generates a baseband signal. At 310, themethodology utilizes a radio frequency (RF) attenuator, operating incurrent-mode, with the DAC and the upconverting mixer. Steps 304, 306and/or 308, and/or one or more subsets thereof can be optional. Thus,the framework can provide for an entire chain that operates incurrent-mode (or optionally implements sub-elements of the chain incurrent-mode) by integrating a DAC interface to an upconverting mixer,and RF attenuator to generate an output. Functionality can beimplemented in current-mode and any two blocks can also be interfaced incurrent-mode. A stage can utilize current-mode signals and the signalscan be attenuated and multiplied. Starting from the baseband filter, thecurrent-mode signals can be scaled up/down in the circuit stages, suchas employing the current ratio reduction device 205, at the interfacesbetween stages, and optionally in an impedance matching network whereinthe impedance matching network is part of an output component stage.These methods can reduce end-to-end power consumption through leverageof current reuse and enhance end-to-end linearity (reduce distortion) byminimizing voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. Lowoutput signal requirements can aid to implement the signal chainefficiently, and the methods can enable cascaded solutions usingcurrent-mode approaches.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example architecture of an RF pulse generatorsignal chain including two or more DACs (403, 405) in quadrature, two ormore base-band filters 406, 408 in quadrature, two or more upconvertingmixers (410, 412) in quadrature and a summer 411 that generates a summedoutput of respective output signals of the upconverting mixers. In thisembodiment, and unlike conventional systems, respective subblocks can beimplemented in current-mode and all analog signals transferred betweensubblocks are represented as currents. Inputs (e.g., digital words) tothe DACs (403, 405) are digital.

One method to generate complex signals can be to modulate a carriersignal frequency by a local oscillator using a vector modulator. In RFapplications, baseband digital I and Q signals are generated usingarbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) which contain two or moresynchronized digital to analog converters (DACs). An RF pulse generatorsignal chain architecture 400 can receive baseband digital in-phasesignal (BBI signal) 402 and baseband digital quadrature signal (BBQsignal) 404. Multi-bit baseband digital to analog converters (DACs) 403and 405 can employ digital bits and depending on the bandwidth of asignal and a sampling clock frequency, convert digital bits to an analogsignal. This can enable the output of a current and provides a filteredand amplified current to the upconverting mixers 410 and 412.

Signals can be processed through low pass filters 406 and 408 to rejectout-of-band noise components resulting from the DACs (403, 405). Thefiltered signals can be mixed and thus upconverted, by upconvertingmixers 410 and 412, using two carriers (LO-Q and LO-I) having orthogonalphases 0 and 90 degrees for I and Q. Using a signal combiner 411, theresulting signals can be combined by creating a single side band signalrepresentation. For example, if (x*y) function needs to be performed ina single side band representation, then variable x can be represented asa combination of 0 and 90 degrees and variable y can be represented as acombination of 0 and 90 degrees. These two variables can then bemultiplied and added, similar to the scalar product of two vectors. Anoutput of this function can be processed through a driver (DRV) 414.

A matching network (MN) 416 is a component typically consisting ofpassive elements that do not add distortions. The matching network 416can transform resistance 418 (e.g., 50 ohms) to an impedance the driverrequires, in order to maximize power transfer.

In the RF pulse generator system 400, the outputs of the DACs (403, 405)can be filtered and up-converted using I- and Q-channel mixers, andresulting signals are combined and fed through a driver and matchingnetwork to a nominal load (e.g., 50 ohm) at output 420.

The filter implementation and the interface between the filter and theother elements of the signal chain can be useful in such designs.Continuous-time filters can be well suited for high dynamic range, lowpower active filter implementations. Traditional current-mode inputfilter using an operational amplifier can consume a significant amountof power and can have limitations in high frequency applications.Continuous time transconductance (G_(m))-capacitance (C) filters(G_(m)-C filters) typically can provide a high input impedance, whichcan lead to higher distortion products. A G_(m)-C type filter is wellsuited for high frequency applications but can be limited in terms ofthe dynamic range it supports as its input is typically a voltage.

Current-mode signal processing can be well suited for low distortionapplications, as it reduces voltage swings at various nodes of interest.Another benefit of current-mode circuits can be current reuse, in whichbias and signal currents of one stage are shared with another stage(e.g., typically by stacking circuit stages). Since reuse can decreasetotal current drawn from a power supply, circuit power efficiency can beimproved. However, conventional current-mode input filters, e.g., usingan operational amplifier, can consume significant amount of power andcan have limitations to high frequency applications. For example, abaseband filter can be operated at a relatively high bias current forthe sake of linearity, and thus low distortion. However, an output stagein the respective signal path, when operated at a same or similar highratio of quiescent (bias) current to dynamic (signal) current can wastecurrent and therefore power. It would be desirable to operate thebaseband filter at a relatively high bias current, but to operate anoutput stage in the signal path at a lower ratio of quiescent (bias)current to dynamic (signal) current to improve power efficiency of theoverall device/system. An efficient current-mode filter stage canfacilitate realizing an end-to-end current-mode signal path forlow-power consumption through leverage of current reuse and can enhanceend-to-end linearity by minimizing voltage-to-current andcurrent-to-voltage conversions. Low output signal requirements can be anadvantage to implementing a signal chain efficiently.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example schematic of a transistor levelimplementation of a device 500, such as an RF pulse generator system forgenerating I- and Q-phase RF output signals. Generally, as will bedescribed below, the device 500 can provide a fully-current-mode signalchain that can be tuned to one or more requirements of cryogenicwaveform generation, such as relative to a quantum computing system.Again, the one or more embodiments described herein also can bepracticed outside of the quantum environment, such as relative towireless transceivers used in internet of things, sensors and/or memoryarrays, where very low power consumption may be critically important tothe application.

The device 500 can define a current-mode signal path including one ormore input stages and one or more output stages. As illustrated,parallel copies of an input stage 504 can be employed to generatein-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) RF signal components (e.g., providing Pand N current polarities for each I and Q signal component). That is,four parallel input stages 504 can be employed together with a pair ofoutput stages 506 (one for the I signal component, one for the Q signalcomponent) to provide an RF pulse generator device 500. A pair of inputstages 504 can be coupled to each output stage 506. For example, inputstages 504 relative to the P and N current polarities for the I signalcomponent can be coupled to a common output stage 506. As indicated inthe figure, the current consumption of each input stage 504 is 1.25X,where X is the bias current of the current source device M₃. Since thereare four parallel input stages 504, the total baseband filter current is5X, where X can be equal to about 200 μA.

Each input stage 504 can comprise a baseband filter 512 and a ratioreduction device 514, which can be used to reduce the ratio of static(bias) current to dynamic (signal) current fed to the output stage 506relative to the ratio of static (bias) current to dynamic (signal)current employed in the baseband filter 512 itself. Each output stage506 can comprise a transistor pair 516 that receives voltages(VBB_(,ip/m)) from the ratio reduction device 514, an upconverting mixer518, and an RF attenuator 520. The output stages 506 can be coupled to acommon transformer (xmfr) 524, serving as the output component to thecurrent-mode signal path.

Turning first to the baseband filter 512, the baseband filter 512 shownin FIG. 5 can be similar to a conventional Gm-C filter, in that itsfrequency response can depend on the values of transconductance (G_(m))and capacitance (C). For the baseband filter 512 shown in FIG. 5 , twopoles are provided with two capacitors (C₁ and C₂) so that asecond-order transfer function is realized. An output current isobtained from the baseband filter 512 by mirroring the current throughtransistor M_(1A) to another transistor M_(1AX), which operates at equalcurrent density (as in most current mirror circuits). If the width oftransistor M_(1AX) is one-fourth that of transistor M_(1A), the outputcurrent of baseband filter 512 can be 4× smaller than the currentthrough transistor M_(1A). Note that the static (bias) current and thedynamic (signal) current are both reduced by 4×, so standard currentmirrors such as the one formed by M_(1A) and M_(1AX) do not change theratio of static (bias) current to dynamic (signal) current.

Turning next to the ratio reduction device 514, the device includescomponents M_(3X) and M₄. In one or more embodiments, the componentsM_(3X) and M₄ can be located at a same sub-component, chip portionand/or the like. That is, in one or more embodiments, one or more of thecomponents M_(3x) can be located at the respective baseband filter 512but should not be considered as a component of the respective basebandfilter 512. In one or more other embodiments, one or more of thecomponents M_(3x) can be located other than at the respective basebandfilter 512, such as at a same sub-component, chip portion and/or thelike as the component M₄.

Still referring to the ratio reduction device 514, included can be acurrent source device (also referred to as a current source) 532(M_(3x)) and a diode-connected transistor 534 (M₄) arranged in parallelin the current-mode signal path. The current source device 532 can be asimple PMOS transistor biased in saturation (shown in FIG. 5 as M_(3x)),a transistor current source with resistive degeneration in its sourceleg, or a cascaded current source. It is also possible to swap devicetypes, positive (PMOS) versus negative (NMOS) in the implementation ofthe baseband filter 512 and/or the output stage 506, in which casecurrent source device 532 may be implemented with NMOS devices. Thediode-connected transistor 534 can comprise a self-biased diode.Switches can be employed to activate selectively the fingers of thediode-connected transistor 534, so that its active width can be adjustedby digital control. Changing the active width of diode-connectedtransistor 534 alters the current mirror gain between diode-connectedtransistor 534 and transistor pair 516, thereby providing a gain controlmechanism for the current-mode signal path. Additional gain controladjustments can be realized by activating selectively the fingers of thetransistor pair 516, thereby changing their active widths. Providingmultiple mechanisms for adjusting gain control can be useful forincreasing the range or resolution of the gain control.

Current to the ratio reduction device 514 can be split, such as at 536.The current source 532 can pass a static current and the diode-connectedtransistor 534 can pass both a static current and a dynamic (signal)current. That is, the current source 532 can carry a majority of thestatic current from the respective baseband filter 512, while thediode-connected transistor 534 can carry almost all the dynamic currentfrom the respective baseband filter 512. Put another way, dynamic andstatic current can be partitioned between the current source device 532and the diode-connected transistor 534 such that the current fed to theoutput stages 506 can include a reduced portion of the static currentcomponent from the filter stages (e.g., baseband filters 512). That is,the ratio of static bias to dynamic (signal) current can be lower at theoutput stages 506 in view of the employment of the ratio reductiondevice 514.

The transistor sub-devices 516 can each receive voltage from a pair ofthe ratio reduction devices 514, as indicated above. The transistorsub-devices 516 each can comprise a pair of transistors 540 and 542.These transistors 540 and 542 can be of a same NMOS or PMOS type as atype (PMOS or NMOS) of the diode-connected transistor 534 of the ratioreduction device 514. If transistors 540 and 542 have the same devicetype as the type used in diode-connected transistor 534, thediode-connected transistor 534 can be directly connected to the outputstage 506 absent an intermediate stage such as a turnaround currentmirror connected between the diode-connected transistor 534 and theoutput stage 506. Since every circuit stage introduces at least a smalldegree of nonlinearity, eliminating a turnaround current mirror reducessignal distortion and eliminates the power dissipation of the turnaroundstage.

A pair of output stages 506 can each comprise an upconverting mixer 518and an attenuator 520. Both the upconverting mixer 518 and theattenuator 520 operate in current mode and are passed current from arespective transistor sub-device 516.

Employing the ratio reduction devices 514, current at the current sourcedevice 532 can be set to about 0.1×, for example, so that the staticcurrent flowing through the diode-connected transistor 534 equals0.25×−0.1×=0.15×. In the example embodiment of FIG. 5 , the sizes ofdiode-connected transistor 534, transistor 540, and transistor 542 arechosen so that there is a current gain of 10 between the diode-connectedtransistor 534 and each transistor 540 or 542. Therefore, the staticcurrents flowing through transistors 540 and 542 can be about 1.5× (10times 0.15×).

Absent employment of the ratio reduction devices 514 between thebaseband filters 512 and the output stages 506 (e.g., including thetransistor sub-devices 516, mixer 518 and attenuator 520), the currentsflowing through transistor sub-devices 516 would be much higher. Forinstance, consider setting the current at the current source device 532to zero. In this case, all of the static current (0.25×) from the outputof the baseband filter 512 would flow through the diode-connectedtransistor 534, and with a mirroring gain of 10, the static currentsflowing through transistors 540 and 542 would be about 2.5×. Since thestatic current consumption is increased by about 66.7%, the powerefficiency of the output stage 506 is significantly degraded. The higherstatic currents may also lead to headroom problems in the output stage506, which may cause undesirable increases in signal distortion. As thisnumerical example shows, decoupling the static current from the basebandfilters 512 from the static current of the output stages 506 enables theoutput stages to operate with a lower ratio of static (bias) current todynamic (signal) current than the ratio employed in the baseband filters512.

In one or more embodiments, one or both of the current source 532 andthe diode-connected transistor 534 can be programmable, such as tunable.This can allow further dynamic and/or on-the-fly tuning of the ratio ofstatic to dynamic current to more tightly control power efficiency andperformance (e.g., related to distortion) of the circuit. In a casewhere only the current source 532 is programmable, only the staticcurrent passed by the current source 532 would be selectivelycontrolled. In that case, the ratio of static to dynamic current couldbe tuned to provide an optimum balance between power efficiency andsignal distortion, but there would be no mechanism for adjusting thegain of the current-mode signal path. In a case where only thediode-connected transistor 534 is programmable, the gain of thecurrent-mode signal path can be selectively controlled, but there wouldbe no mechanism for tuning the ratio of static to dynamic current in theoutput stage 506. Making both current source 532 and diode-connectedtransistor 534 programmable provides mechanisms for both gain controland for tuning the ratio of static to dynamic current in the outputstage 506. As indicated in FIG. 5 , programmability can be provided bysuitable configuration electronics 550. All such configurationelectronics are envisioned. An advantage of the programmability can betuning the ratio of static bias to signal current prior to cryogenicwaveform generation, for example.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example simulation result of distortionperformance at the radio frequency output relative to a device accordingto one or more embodiments described herein. The device, such as thedevice 500, can employ a ratio reduction component/device to reduce theratio of static bias to signal current in the output stage of thedevice. The spectrum shown in the figure is obtained by performing afast Fourier transform (FFT) of the output signal. In the circuitsimulation, a 10-bit DAC operating at a sampling rate of 1 GHz generatesa 184 MHz sinusoid that is applied as an input to the current-modeend-to-end signal path. The upconverting mixer is driven by a 5 GHz LOsignal. The I and Q signals are chosen to produce an upper sideband toneat a frequency 5.0+0.184=5.184 GHz. As shown in the simulation result600, over a 1 GHz-wide band (4.5 GHz to 5.5 GHz), the largest distortionproduct 604 is 48 dB below the desired tone 602, so the simulatedspur-free dynamic range (SFDR) is approximately 48 dB. The simulatedSFDR number represents excellent performance, especially for such apower-efficient implementation. Conventional techniques have implementedsimilar functionalities with voltage mode single sideband (SSB)up-converter, voltage gated RF attenuator, operational transconductanceamplifier (OTA) based baseband filter, and standard high input impedanceG_(m)-C filter implementation. The voltage mode SSB up-converter causesnon-linearity. An OTA based baseband filter implementation uses higherpower and area. Lastly, a standard high input impedance G_(m)-C filterimplementation is more non-linear compared to a filter topology usingOTA with negative feedback. However, embodiments disclosed hereinfacilitate cascaded solutions using current-mode approaches and enablean input current-mode interface. Moreover, embodiments proposed hereenhance end-to-end linearity and reduce distortion by minimizingvoltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. These approachescan reduce end-to-end power consumption through current reuse.

That is, the current-mode embodiments provided herein can offer a pathto current reuse and low distortion that can be well-tuned to therequirements of cryogenic waveform generation. In one or moreembodiments, in contrast to existing techniques, a ratio of static biasto signal current can be reduced between a baseband filter and an outputstage of the current-mode signal path. In one or more embodiments, theratio of static bias to signal current can be selectively anddynamically varied. In addition, in one or more embodiments, the gain ofthe current-mode signal path can be adjusted with the same circuit usedto vary the ratio of static bias to signal current. One or moreembodiments described herein can be suitable for quantum-basedapplications, such as waveform generation for controlling one or morequbits, such as superconducting qubits. Techniques described herein canbe applicable to other high bandwidth communication systems as well andcan be implemented in commercially available CMOS technologies. Theapproaches of one or more exemplary embodiments described herein canprovide an innovative strategy for implementing CMOS control pulsegeneration analog circuits to enable enhanced scalability of futurequantum computing systems and can thus serve as a building block forcryo-CMOS implementations.

Next, FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limitingmethod 700 that can facilitate a process to use a current-mode signalpath device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein,such as the device 500 of FIG. 5 . While the non-limiting method 700 isdescribed relative to the device 500 of FIG. 5 , the non-limiting method700 can be applicable also to other systems and/or devices describedherein, such as the waveform generator 110 of FIG. 1 , system 200 ofFIG. 2 , and/or architecture 400 of FIG. 4 . Repetitive description oflike elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments isomitted for sake of brevity.

At 704, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise outputting, by a radiofrequency pulse generator (e.g., device 500) operatively coupled to aquantum processor, a radio frequency output signal, wherein the radiofrequency pulse generator comprises a baseband filter and an outputstage defining a current-mode signal path, and a current source and adiode-connected transistor arranged in parallel in the current-modesignal path.

At 706, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise splitting, by thedevice (e.g., device 500), a current from the baseband filter betweenthe current source and the diode-connected transistor, which cancomprise passing a static current at the current source and passing botha static current and a dynamic current at the diode-connectedtransistor.

At 708, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise varying, by the device(e.g. device 500) and/or by a parent system (e.g., quantum system 101),the static-to-dynamic current ratio at the diode-connected transistor,wherein the diode-connected transistor is programmable.

At 710, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise outputting the radiofrequency output signal absent connection of a turnaround current mirrorconnected between the diode-connected transistor and the output stage.

At 712, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise generating, by thedevice (e.g., device 500), the radio frequency output at an upconvertingmixer of the output stage.

At 714, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise facilitating, by thedevice (e.g., device 500), a lower static-to-dynamic current ratio atthe output stage than at the baseband filter.

At 716, the non-limiting method 700 can comprise producing, by thedevice (e.g., device 500), the output signal referenced to ground fromthe output stage.

For simplicity of explanation, the computer-implemented andnon-computer-implemented methodologies provided herein are depictedand/or described as a series of acts. The subject innovation is notlimited by the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts, for exampleacts can occur in one or more orders and/or concurrently, and with otheracts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not allillustrated acts can be utilized to implement the computer-implementedand non-computer-implemented methodologies in accordance with thedescribed subject matter. In addition, the computer-implemented andnon-computer-implemented methodologies could alternatively berepresented as a series of interrelated states via a state diagram orevents. Additionally, the computer-implemented methodologies describedhereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of beingstored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting andtransferring the computer-implemented methodologies to computers. Theterm article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass acomputer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storagemedia.

In summary, one or more systems, devices and/or methods of use providedherein relate to a device that can facilitate a signal generation. Acurrent-mode end-to-end signal path can include a digital to analogconverter (DAC) operating in current-mode and an upconverting mixer,operating in current-mode and operatively coupled to the DAC. Analoginputs and analog outputs of the DAC and the upconverting mixer can berepresented as currents, and the DAC can generate a baseband signal. Inone or more embodiments, a current source and a diode-connectedtransistor can be arranged in parallel in the current-mode signal pathbetween a baseband filter and an output stage comprising theupconverting mixer. The device and/or system can be a radio frequencyDAC. The diode-connected transistor can be programmable to vary gainand/or can be directly connected to the output stage absent a turnaroundcurrent mirror connected therebetween.

An advantage of the aforementioned device can be ability to employ alower ratio of static bias to signal current at the output stage ascompared to as employed at the baseband filter. In connection therewith,current can be reused, power efficiency can be reduced, and distortionproducts can be reduced, relative to one or more embodiments of a DACdevice not employing the parallel arrangement of a current source and adiode-connected transistor coupled in the current-mode signal pathbetween the baseband filter and the output stage.

As a result of the aforementioned advantages, less power relative tooperating one or more qubits of a quantum system can be employed.Reduced power consumption can allow for increased scaling of qubits of aquantum system. Furthermore, the components of the device and/or systemcan be employed within and/or relative to a cryogenic chamber, such as adilution refrigerator.

Yet another advantage of the aforementioned device can be an ability todynamically and/or selectively vary gain at the device, so that the gainof the current-mode signal path can be adjusted. The gain of thecurrent-mode signal path can be adjusted over a large range and/or withfine resolution by programming the active width of the diode-connectedtransistor, as this changes the mirroring gain between thediode-connected transistor and the subsequent stage. This advantage canbe realized absent a turnaround current mirror connected between thediode-connected transistor and the output stage.

Indeed, in view of the one or more embodiments described herein, apractical application of the devices described herein can be reducedpower consumption and lower signal distortion relative to waveformsproduced for controlling one or more qubits of a quantum system. Lowersignal distortion can, in one or more cases, lead to less disturbancesof a qubit and/or increase in qubit coherency. This is a useful andpractical application of computers, especially in view of reduction ofdistortion and/or other effects on reducing decoherence of employedqubits, and thus facilitating enhanced (e.g., improved and/or optimized)operation of the employed qubits. These enhancements can includeincreased accuracy of quantum results and/or increased availability ofthe employed qubits. Overall, such computerized tools can constitute aconcrete and tangible technical improvement in the field of quantumcomputing.

Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein can be employed ina real-world system based on the disclosed teachings. For example, oneor more embodiments described herein can function within a quantumsystem that can receive as input a quantum job request and can measure areal-world qubit state of one or more qubits, such as superconductingqubits, of the quantum system. For example, regarding a DAC devicedescribed herein, the DAC device can facilitate waveform generationrelative to controlling one or more states of the one or more qubits.

Moreover, a device and/or method described herein can be implemented inone or more domains, such as quantum domains, to enable scaled quantumprogram executions. Indeed, use of a device as described herein can bescalable, such as where a device described herein can be employed togenerate a waveform relative to one or more qubits of a multi-qubitsystem. An advantage of the device and/or method described herein can bea reduction in the power consumption needed to operate one or morequbits of a quantum system. Reduced power consumption can allow forincreased scaling of qubits provided in a cryogenic chamber.

The systems and/or devices have been (and/or will be further) describedherein with respect to interaction between one or more components. Suchsystems and/or components can include those components or sub-componentsspecified therein, one or more of the specified components and/orsub-components, and/or additional components. Sub-components can beimplemented as components communicatively coupled to other componentsrather than included within parent components. One or more componentsand/or sub-components can be combined into a single component providingaggregate functionality. The components can interact with one or moreother components not specifically described herein for the sake ofbrevity, but known by those of skill in the art.

One or more embodiments described herein can be, in one or moreembodiments, inherently and/or inextricably tied to computer technologyand cannot be implemented outside of a computing environment. Forexample, one or more processes performed by one or more embodimentsdescribed herein can more efficiently, and even more feasibly, provideprogram and/or program instruction execution, such as relative to RFsignal generation and/or waveform generation, as compared to existingsystems and/or techniques. Systems, computer-implemented methods and/orcomputer program products facilitating performance of these processesare of great utility in the field of quantum computing andsuperconducting quantum systems and cannot be equally practicablyimplemented in a sensible way outside of a computing environment.

One or more embodiments described herein can employ hardware and/orsoftware to solve problems that are highly technical, that are notabstract, and that cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by ahuman. For example, a human, or even thousands of humans, cannotefficiently, accurately and/or effectively alter a ratio of static biasto signal current and/or generate an RF signal and or waveform as theone or more embodiments described herein can facilitate this process.And, neither can the human mind nor a human with pen and paperelectronically execute such RF signal and/or generation and/oralteration of static bias to signal current, as conducted by one or moreembodiments described herein.

In one or more embodiments, one or more of the processes describedherein can be performed by one or more specialized computers (e.g., aspecialized processing unit, a specialized classical computer, aspecialized quantum computer, a specialized hybrid classical/quantumsystem and/or another type of specialized computer) to execute definedtasks related to the one or more technologies describe above. One ormore embodiments described herein and/or components thereof can beemployed to solve new problems that arise through advancements intechnologies mentioned above, employment of quantum computing systems,cloud computing systems, computer architecture and/or anothertechnology.

One or more embodiments described herein can be fully operationaltowards performing one or more other functions (e.g., fully powered on,fully executed and/or another function) while also performing the one ormore operations described herein.

Turning next to FIGS. 8-10 , a detailed description is provided ofadditional context for the one or more embodiments described herein atFIGS. 1-7 .

FIG. 8 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief,general description of a suitable operating environment 800 in which oneor more embodiments described herein at FIGS. 1-7 can be implemented.For example, one or more components and/or other elements of embodimentsdescribed herein can be implemented in or be associated with, such asaccessible via, the operating environment 800. Further, while one ormore embodiments have been described above in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers,those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodimentsalso can be implemented in combination with other program modules and/oras a combination of hardware and software.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures and/or the like, that perform particular tasks and/orimplement particular abstract data types. Moreover, the inventivemethods can be practiced with other computer system configurations,including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems,minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices,distributed computing systems, as well as personal computers, hand-heldcomputing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumerelectronics, and/or the like, each of which can be operatively coupledto one or more associated devices.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which caninclude computer-readable storage media, machine-readable storage mediaand/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differentlyfrom one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media ormachine-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,but not limitation, computer-readable storage media and/ormachine-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with anymethod or technology for storage of information such ascomputer-readable and/or machine-readable instructions, program modules,structured data and/or unstructured data.

Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or othermemory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD ROM), digitalversatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) and/or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage and/orother magnetic storage devices, solid state drives or other solid statestorage devices and/or other tangible and/or non-transitory media whichcan be used to store specified information. In this regard, the terms“tangible” or “non-transitory” herein, as applied to storage, memoryand/or computer-readable media, can exclude only propagating transitorysignals per se as modifiers and do not relinquish rights to all standardstorage, memory and/or computer-readable media that are not onlypropagating transitory signals per se.

Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local orremote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries and/orother data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respectto the information stored by the medium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructureddata in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrierwave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information deliveryor transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refersto a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set and/orchanged in such a manner as to encode information in one or moresignals. By way of example, but not limitation, communication media caninclude wired media, such as a wired network, direct-wired connectionand/or wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and/or otherwireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 8 , the example operating environment 800for implementing one or more embodiments of the elements describedherein can include a computer 802, the computer 802 including aprocessing unit 806, a system memory 804 and/or a system bus 808. One ormore elements, factors and/or functions of the processing unit 806 canbe applied to processors such as 106 of the non-limiting system 100. Theprocessing unit 806 can be implemented in combination with and/oralternatively to processors such as 106.

Memory 804 can store one or more computer and/or machine readable,writable and/or executable components and/or instructions that, whenexecuted by processing unit 806 (e.g., a classical processor, a quantumcontroller and/or like processor), can facilitate performance ofoperations defined by the executable component(s) and/or instruction(s).For example, memory 804 can store computer and/or machine readable,writable and/or executable components and/or instructions that, whenexecuted by processing unit 806, can facilitate execution of the one ormore functions described herein relating to non-limiting system 100, asdescribed herein with or without reference to the one or more figures ofthe one or more embodiments.

Memory 804 can comprise volatile memory (e.g., random access memory(RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or the like) and/ornon-volatile memory (e.g., read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM(PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasableprogrammable ROM (EEPROM) and/or the like) that can employ one or morememory architectures.

Processing unit 806 can comprise one or more types of processors and/orelectronic circuitry (e.g., a classical processor, a quantum controllerand/or like processor) that can implement one or more computer and/ormachine readable, writable and/or executable components and/orinstructions that can be stored at memory 804. For example, processingunit 806 can perform one or more operations that can be specified bycomputer and/or machine readable, writable and/or executable componentsand/or instructions including, but not limited to, logic, control,input/output (I/O), arithmetic and/or the like. In one or moreembodiments, processing unit 806 can be any of one or more commerciallyavailable processors. In one or more embodiments, processing unit 806can comprise one or more central processing unit, multi-core processor,microprocessor, dual microprocessors, microcontroller, System on a Chip(SOC), array processor, vector processor, quantum controller and/oranother type of processor. The examples of processing unit 806 can beemployed to implement one or more embodiments described herein.

The system bus 808 can couple system components including, but notlimited to, the system memory 804 to the processing unit 806. The systembus 808 can comprise one or more types of bus structure that can furtherinterconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), aperipheral bus and/or a local bus using one or more of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 804 caninclude ROM 810 and/or RAM 812. A basic input/output system (BIOS) canbe stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmableread only memory (EPROM) and/or EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basicroutines that help to transfer information among elements within thecomputer 802, such as during startup. The RAM 812 can include ahigh-speed RAM, such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 802 can include an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 814(e.g., EIDE, SATA), one or more external storage devices 816 (e.g., amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD), a memory stick or flash drive reader,a memory card reader and/or the like) and/or a drive 820, e.g., such asa solid state drive or an optical disk drive, which can read or writefrom a disk 822, such as a CD-ROM disc, a DVD, a BD and/or the like.Additionally, and/or alternatively, where a solid state drive isinvolved, disk 822 could not be included, unless separate. While theinternal HDD 814 is illustrated as located within the computer 802, theinternal HDD 814 can also be configured for external use in a suitablechassis (not shown). Additionally, while not shown in operatingenvironment 800, a solid state drive (SSD) can be used in addition to,or in place of, an HDD 814. The HDD 814, external storage device(s) 816and drive 820 can be connected to the system bus 808 by an HDD interface824, an external storage interface 826 and a drive interface 828,respectively. The HDD interface 824 for external drive implementationscan include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) andInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 interfacetechnologies. Other external drive connection technologies are withincontemplation of the embodiments described herein.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 802, the drives and storagemedia accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format.Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refersto respective types of storage devices, other types of storage mediawhich are readable by a computer, whether presently existing ordeveloped in the future, can also be used in the example operatingenvironment, and/or that any such storage media can containcomputer-executable instructions for performing the methods describedherein.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 812,including an operating system 830, one or more applications 832, otherprogram modules 834 and/or program data 836. All or portions of theoperating system, applications, modules and/or data can also be cachedin the RAM 812. The systems and/or methods described herein can beimplemented utilizing one or more commercially available operatingsystems and/or combinations of operating systems.

Computer 802 can optionally comprise emulation technologies. Forexample, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary can emulate ahardware environment for operating system 830, and the emulated hardwarecan optionally be different from the hardware illustrated in FIG. 8 . Ina related embodiment, operating system 830 can comprise one virtualmachine (VM) of multiple VMs hosted at computer 802. Furthermore,operating system 830 can provide runtime environments, such as the JAVAruntime environment or the .NET framework, for applications 832. Runtimeenvironments are consistent execution environments that can allowapplications 832 to run on any operating system that includes theruntime environment. Similarly, operating system 830 can supportcontainers, and applications 832 can be in the form of containers, whichare lightweight, standalone, executable packages of software thatinclude, e.g., code, runtime, system tools, system libraries and/orsettings for an application.

Further, computer 802 can be enabled with a security module, such as atrusted processing module (TPM). For instance, with a TPM, bootcomponents hash next in time boot components and wait for a match ofresults to secured values before loading a next boot component. Thisprocess can take place at any layer in the code execution stack ofcomputer 802, e.g., applied at application execution level and/or atoperating system (OS) kernel level, thereby enabling security at anylevel of code execution.

An entity can enter and/or transmit commands and/or information into thecomputer 802 through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., akeyboard 838, a touch screen 840 and/or a pointing device, such as amouse 842. Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, aninfrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote controland/or other remote control, a joystick, a virtual reality controllerand/or virtual reality headset, a game pad, a stylus pen, an image inputdevice, e.g., camera(s), a gesture sensor input device, a visionmovement sensor input device, an emotion or facial detection device, abiometric input device, e.g., fingerprint and/or iris scanner, and/orthe like. These and other input devices can be connected to theprocessing unit 806 through an input device interface 844 that can becoupled to the system bus 808, but can be connected by other interfaces,such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USBport, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH® interface and/or the like.

A monitor 846 or other type of display device can be alternativelyand/or additionally connected to the system bus 808 via an interface,such as a video adapter 848. In addition to the monitor 846, a computertypically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such asspeakers, printers and/or the like.

The computer 802 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 850. The remotecomputer(s) 850 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device and/or other common network node, and typicallyincludes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer802, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 852is illustrated. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the computer 802 canbe coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively, opticallyand/or the like) to one or more external systems, sources and/or devices(e.g., classical and/or quantum computing devices, communication devicesand/or like device) via a data cable (e.g., High-Definition MultimediaInterface (HDMI), recommended standard (RS) 232, Ethernet cable and/orthe like).

In one or more embodiments, a network can comprise one or more wiredand/or wireless networks, including, but not limited to, a cellularnetwork, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), or a local areanetwork (LAN). For example, one or more embodiments described herein cancommunicate with one or more external systems, sources and/or devices,for instance, computing devices (and vice versa) using virtually anyspecified wired or wireless technology, including but not limited to:wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobile communications(GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), worldwideinteroperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced general packetradio service (enhanced GPRS), third generation partnership project(3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), third generation partnership project 2(3GPP2) ultra-mobile broadband (UMB), high speed packet access (HSPA),Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologies and/or legacytelecommunication technologies, BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol(SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6over Low power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave, an ANT, anultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocol and/or other proprietary and/ornon-proprietary communication protocols. In a related example, one ormore embodiments described herein can include hardware (e.g., a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a transceiver, a decoder, quantum hardware, aquantum controller and/or the like), software (e.g., a set of threads, aset of processes, software in execution, quantum pulse schedule, quantumcircuit, quantum gates and/or the like) and/or a combination of hardwareand/or software that facilitates communicating information among one ormore embodiments described herein and external systems, sources and/ordevices (e.g., computing devices, communication devices and/or thelike).

The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity toa local area network (LAN) 854 and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide areanetwork (WAN) 856. LAN and WAN networking environments can becommonplace in offices and companies and can facilitate enterprise-widecomputer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to aglobal communications network, e.g., the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 802 can beconnected to the local network 854 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 858. The adapter 858 canfacilitate wired and/or wireless communication to the LAN 854, which canalso include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon forcommunicating with the adapter 858 in a wireless mode.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 802 can includea modem 860 and/or can be connected to a communications server on theWAN 856 via other means for establishing communications over the WAN856, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 860, which can beinternal and/or external and a wired and/or wireless device, can beconnected to the system bus 808 via the input device interface 844. In anetworked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer802 or portions thereof can be stored in the remote memory/storagedevice 852. The network connections shown are merely exemplary and oneor more other means of establishing a communications link among thecomputers can be used.

When used in either a LAN or WAN networking environment, the computer802 can access cloud storage systems or other network-based storagesystems in addition to, and/or in place of, external storage devices 816as described above, such as but not limited to, a network virtualmachine providing one or more elements of storage and/or processing ofinformation. Generally, a connection between the computer 802 and acloud storage system can be established over a LAN 854 or WAN 856 e.g.,by the adapter 858 or modem 860, respectively. Upon connecting thecomputer 802 to an associated cloud storage system, the external storageinterface 826 can, such as with the aid of the adapter 858 and/or modem860, manage storage provided by the cloud storage system as it wouldother types of external storage. For instance, the external storageinterface 826 can be configured to provide access to cloud storagesources as if those sources were physically connected to the computer802.

The computer 802 can be operable to communicate with any wirelessdevices and/or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication,e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portabledata assistant, communications satellite, telephone and/or any piece ofequipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g.,a kiosk, news stand, store shelf and/or the like). This can includeWireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus,the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventionalnetwork or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

The illustrated embodiments described herein can be employed relative todistributed computing environments (e.g., cloud computing environments),such as described below with respect to FIG. 9 , where certain tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules can be located both in local and/or remote memory storagedevices.

For example, one or more embodiments described herein and/or one or morecomponents thereof can employ one or more computing resources of thecloud computing environment 950 described below with reference to FIG. 9, and/or with reference to the one or more functional abstraction layers(e.g., quantum software and/or the like) described below with referenceto FIG. 10 , to execute one or more operations in accordance with one ormore embodiments described herein. For example, cloud computingenvironment 950 and/or one or more of the functional abstraction layers1060, 1070, 1080 and/or 1090 can comprise one or more classicalcomputing devices (e.g., classical computer, classical processor,virtual machine, server and/or the like), quantum hardware and/orquantum software (e.g., quantum computing device, quantum computer,quantum controller, quantum circuit simulation software, superconductingcircuit and/or the like) that can be employed by one or more embodimentsdescribed herein and/or components thereof to execute one or moreoperations in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein.For instance, one or more embodiments described herein and/or componentsthereof can employ such one or more classical and/or quantum computingresources to execute one or more classical and/or quantum: mathematicalfunction, calculation and/or equation; computing and/or processingscript; algorithm; model (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) model,machine learning (ML) model and/or like model); and/or other operationin accordance with one or more embodiments described herein.

Although one or more embodiments described herein include a detaileddescription on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recitedherein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, one ormore embodiments described herein are capable of being implemented inconjunction with any other type of computing environment now known orlater developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines and/or services) thatcan be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effortor interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model caninclude at least five characteristics, at least three service models,and at least four deployment models.

Characteristics are as Follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but can specify location at a higher level ofabstraction (e.g., country, state and/or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in one or more cases automatically, to quickly scale outand rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, thecapabilities available for provisioning can appear to be unlimited andcan be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at one or more levelsof abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth and/or active user accounts). Resource usage canbe monitored, controlled and/or reported, providing transparency forboth the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as Follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storageand/or individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systemsand/or storage, but has control over the deployed applications andpossibly application hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks and/or otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer can deploy and runarbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications and/or possibly limited control of selectnetworking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as Follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It can be managed by the organization or a third party andcan exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy and/or complianceconsiderations). It can be managed by the organizations or a third partyand can exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting forload-balancing among clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity and/or semanticinteroperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructurethat includes a network of interconnected nodes.

Moreover, the non-limiting system 100 and/or the example operatingenvironment 800 can be associated with and/or be included in a dataanalytics system, a data processing system, a graph analytics system, agraph processing system, a big data system, a social network system, aspeech recognition system, an image recognition system, a graphicalmodeling system, a bioinformatics system, a data compression system, anartificial intelligence system, an authentication system, a syntacticpattern recognition system, a medical system, a health monitoringsystem, a network system, a computer network system, a communicationsystem, a router system, a server system, a high availability serversystem (e.g., a Telecom server system), a Web server system, a fileserver system, a data server system, a disk array system, a poweredinsertion board system, a cloud-based system and/or the like. Inaccordance therewith, non-limiting system 100 and/or example operatingenvironment 800 can be employed to use hardware and/or software to solveproblems that are highly technical in nature, that are not abstractand/or that cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by a human.

Referring now to details of one or more elements illustrated at FIG. 9 ,the illustrative cloud computing environment 950 is depicted. As shown,cloud computing environment 950 includes one or more cloud computingnodes 910 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers,such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellulartelephone 954A, desktop computer 954B, laptop computer 954C and/orautomobile computer system 954N can communicate. Although notillustrated in FIG. 9 , cloud computing nodes 910 can further comprise aquantum platform (e.g., quantum computer, quantum hardware, quantumsoftware and/or the like) with which local computing devices used bycloud consumers can communicate. Cloud computing nodes 910 cancommunicate with one another. They can be grouped (not shown) physicallyor virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community,Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combinationthereof. This allows cloud computing environment 950 to offerinfrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloudconsumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingdevice. The types of computing devices 954A-N shown in FIG. 9 areintended to be illustrative only and that cloud computing nodes 910 andcloud computing environment 950 can communicate with any type ofcomputerized device over any type of network and/or network addressableconnection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to details of one or more elements illustrated at FIG. 10, a set 1000 of functional abstraction layers is shown, such as providedby cloud computing environment 950 (FIG. 9 ). One or more embodimentsdescribed herein can be associated with, such as accessible via, one ormore functional abstraction layers described below with reference toFIG. 10 (e.g., hardware and software layer 1060, virtualization layer1070, management layer 1080 and/or workloads layer 1090). Thecomponents, layers and/or functions shown in FIG. 10 are intended to beillustrative only and embodiments described herein are not limitedthereto. As depicted, the following layers and/or correspondingfunctions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 1060 can include hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 1061;RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture-based servers 1062;servers 1063; blade servers 1064; storage devices 1065; and/or networksand/or networking components 1066. In one or more embodiments, softwarecomponents can include network application server software 1067, quantumplatform routing software 1068; and/or quantum software (not illustratedin FIG. 10 ).

Virtualization layer 1070 can provide an abstraction layer from whichthe following examples of virtual entities can be provided: virtualservers 1071; virtual storage 1072; virtual networks 1073, includingvirtual private networks; virtual applications and/or operating systems1074; and/or virtual clients 1075.

In one example, management layer 1080 can provide the functionsdescribed below. Resource provisioning 1081 can provide dynamicprocurement of computing resources and other resources that can beutilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment.Metering and Pricing 1082 can provide cost tracking as resources areutilized within the cloud computing environment, and/or billing and/orinvoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, theseresources can include one or more application software licenses.Security can provide identity verification for cloud consumers and/ortasks, as well as protection for data and/or other resources. User (orentity) portal 1083 can provide access to the cloud computingenvironment for consumers and system administrators. Service levelmanagement 1084 can provide cloud computing resource allocation and/ormanagement such that required service levels are met. Service LevelAgreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 1085 can providepre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources forwhich a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 1090 can provide examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment can be utilized. Non-limiting examples ofworkloads and functions which can be provided from this layer include:mapping and navigation 1091; software development and lifecyclemanagement 1092; virtual classroom education delivery 1093; dataanalytics processing 1094; transaction processing 1095; and/orapplication transformation software 1096.

The embodiments described herein can be directed to one or more of asystem, a method, an apparatus and/or a computer program product at anypossible technical detail level of integration. The computer programproduct can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) havingcomputer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processorto carry out one or more elements/portions of the one or moreembodiments described herein. The computer readable storage medium canbe a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use byan instruction execution device. The computer readable storage mediumcan be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, anelectromagnetic storage device, a superconducting storage device and/orany suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of morespecific examples of the computer readable storage medium can alsoinclude the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static randomaccess memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM),a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, amechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures ina groove having instructions recorded thereon and/or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, asused herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se,such as radio waves and/or other freely propagating electromagneticwaves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide and/orother transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through afiber-optic cable), and/or electrical signals transmitted through awire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium and/or to an external computer or externalstorage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local areanetwork, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network cancomprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers,wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computersand/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device. Computer readable programinstructions for carrying out operations of the one or more embodimentsdescribed herein can be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, and/orsource code and/or object code written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and/or procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language and/or similarprogramming languages. The computer readable program instructions canexecute entirely on a computer, partly on a computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on a computer and/or partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer and/or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer can be connected to a computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) and/or a wide areanetwork (WAN), and/or the connection can be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In one or more embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA)and/or programmable logic arrays (PLA) can execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform one or more portions of the one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

One or more portions of the one or more embodiments described herein aredescribed with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or blockdiagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program productsaccording to one or more embodiments described herein. Each block of theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations ofblocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can beimplemented by computer readable program instructions. These computerreadable program instructions can be provided to a processor of ageneral purpose computer, special purpose computer and/or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such thatthe instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer orother programmable data processing apparatus, can create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionscan also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein can comprisean article of manufacture including instructions which can implement oneor more portions of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/orblock diagram block or blocks. The computer readable programinstructions can also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus and/or other device to cause a series ofoperational acts to be performed on the computer, other programmableapparatus and/or other device to produce a computer implemented process,such that the instructions which execute on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus and/or other device implement the functions/actsspecified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality and/or operation of possible implementationsof systems, computer-implementable methods and/or computer programproducts according to one or more embodiments described herein. In thisregard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams can represent amodule, segment and/or portion of instructions, which comprises one ormore executable instructions for implementing the specified logicalfunction(s). In one or more alternative implementations, the functionsnoted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. Forexample, two blocks shown in succession can be executed substantiallyconcurrently, and/or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration,and/or combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that can perform the specified functions and/or acts and/orcarry out one or more combinations of special purpose hardware and/orcomputer instructions.

While the subject matter has been described above in the general contextof computer-executable instructions of a computer program product thatruns on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in the art willrecognize that the one or more embodiments herein also can beimplemented in combination with one or more other program modules.Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures and/or the like that perform particular tasks and/orimplement particular abstract data types. Moreover, the inventivecomputer-implemented methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, including single-processor and/or multiprocessorcomputer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as wellas computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone),microprocessor-based or programmable consumer and/or industrialelectronics and/or the like. The illustrated elements can also bepracticed in distributed computing environments in which tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. However, one or more, if not all elements of theone or more embodiments described herein can be practiced on stand-alonecomputers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules canbe located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

As used in this application, the terms “component,” “system,”“platform,” “interface,” and/or the like, can refer to and/or caninclude a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operationalmachine with one or more specific functionalities. The entitiesdescribed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution. For example, a componentcan be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, aprocessor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a programand/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application runningon a server and the server can be a component. One or more componentscan reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a componentcan be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. In another example, respective components can execute fromvarious computer readable media having various data structures storedthereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remoteprocesses such as in accordance with a signal having one or more datapackets (e.g., data from one component interacting with anothercomponent in a local system, distributed system and/or across a networksuch as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionalityprovided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electroniccircuitry, which is operated by a software and/or firmware applicationexecuted by a processor. In such a case, the processor can be internaland/or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of thesoftware and/or firmware application. As yet another example, acomponent can be an apparatus that provides specific functionalitythrough electronic components without mechanical parts, where theelectronic components can include a processor and/or other means toexecute software and/or firmware that confers at least in part thefunctionality of the electronic components. A component can emulate anelectronic component via a virtual machine, e.g., within a cloudcomputing system.

In addition, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” ratherthan an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clearfrom context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the naturalinclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or Xemploys both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any ofthe foregoing instances. Moreover, articles “a” and “an” as used in thesubject specification and annexed drawings should generally be construedto mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from contextto be directed to a singular form. As used herein, the terms “example”and/or “exemplary” are utilized to mean serving as an example, instance,or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matterdescribed herein is not limited by such examples. In addition, anyelement or design described herein as an “example” and/or “exemplary” isnot necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherone or more elements and/or designs, nor is it meant to precludeequivalent exemplary structures and techniques known to those ofordinary skill in the art.

As it is employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” canrefer to substantially any computing processing unit and/or devicecomprising, but not limited to, single-core processors;single-processors with software multithread execution capability;multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithreadexecution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithreadtechnology; parallel platforms; and/or parallel platforms withdistributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to anintegrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), adigital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA),a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logicdevice (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, and/or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described herein. Further, processors can exploit nano-scalearchitectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dotbased transistors, switches and/or gates, in order to optimize spaceusage and/or to enhance performance of related equipment. A processorcan be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

Herein, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” data storage,”“database,” and substantially any other information storage componentrelevant to operation and functionality of a component are utilized torefer to “memory components,” entities embodied in a “memory,” orcomponents comprising a memory. Memory and/or memory componentsdescribed herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory orcan include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way ofillustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include readonly memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmableROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory and/ornonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM).Volatile memory can include RAM, which can act as external cache memory,for example. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM can beavailable in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM(DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM),enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM(DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM) and/or Rambus dynamic RAM(RDRAM). Additionally, the described memory components of systems and/orcomputer-implemented methods herein are intended to include, withoutbeing limited to including, these and/or any other suitable types ofmemory.

What has been described above includes mere examples of systems andcomputer-implemented methods. It is, of course, not possible to describeevery conceivable combination of components and/or computer-implementedmethods for purposes of describing the one or more embodiments, but oneof ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many furthercombinations and/or permutations of the one or more embodiments arepossible. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “has,”“possesses,” and the like are used in the detailed description, claims,appendices and/or drawings such terms are intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpretedwhen employed as a transitional word in a claim.

The descriptions of the one or more embodiments have been presented forpurposes of illustration but are not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the embodiments described herein. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application and/ortechnical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, and/orto enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand theembodiments described herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a baseband filter and anoutput stage defining a current-mode signal path; and a current ratioreduction device coupled to the baseband filter and coupled to theoutput stage, wherein the current ratio reduction device comprises acurrent source and a diode-connected transistor arranged in parallel inthe current-mode signal path, wherein the current ratio reduction deviceis configured to split a static current output of the baseband filterinto a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion isgreater than the second portion, wherein the current ratio reductiondevice is further configured to direct the first portion of the staticcurrent output of the baseband filter to the current source and directthe second portion of the static current output of the baseband filterto the diode-connected transistor, wherein the current ratio reductiondevice is further configured to direct a dynamic current output of thebaseband filter to the diode-connected transistor, wherein thediode-connected transistor is configured to direct the second portion ofthe static current output and the dynamic current output of the basebandfilter to the output stage, wherein the current source is configured toprevent the first portion of the static current output of the basebandfilter from being directed to the output stage, and wherein thediode-connected transistor is selectively adjustable to vary gain. 2.The device of claim 1, wherein the baseband filter is configured to havea first static-to-dynamic current ratio that is higher than a secondstatic-to-dynamic current ratio of the output stage.
 3. The device ofclaim 2, wherein the current source is programmable to tune astatic-to-dynamic current ratio at the diode-connected transistor and atthe output stage.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the output stagecomprises two or more transistors that are of a same negative type or asame positive type as a type of the diode-connected transistor.
 5. Thedevice of claim 4, wherein at least one of the two or more transistorsof the output stage are selectively adjustable to vary gain.
 6. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the diode-connected transistor is directlyconnected to the output stage absent a turnaround current mirrorconnected between the diode-connected transistor and the output stage.7. The device of claim 1, wherein the output stage comprises: anupconverting mixer that generates a radio frequency output signal.
 8. Amethod, comprising: receiving, by a radio frequency pulse generatoroperatively coupled to a quantum processor, a digital input signal; andbased on the digital input signal, outputting, by the radio frequencypulse generator, a radio frequency output signal, wherein the outputtingcomprises: reducing, by a current ratio reduction device coupled to abaseband filter and an output stage defining a current-mode signal pathof the radio frequency pulse generator, a second static-to-dynamiccurrent ratio of the output stage to be below a first static-to-dynamiccurrent ratio of the baseband filter, wherein the reducing comprises:splitting, by the current ratio reduction device, a static currentoutput of the baseband filter into a first portion and a second portion,wherein the first portion is greater than the second portion, whereinthe current ratio reduction device is further configured to direct thefirst portion of the static current output of the baseband filter to acurrent source of the current ratio reduction device, and direct thesecond portion of the static current output of the baseband filter tothe diode-connected transistor of the current ratio reduction device,directing, by the current ratio reduction device, a dynamic currentoutput of the baseband filter to the diode-connected transistor,directing, by the diode-connected transistor, the second portion of thestatic current output and the dynamic current output of the basebandfilter to the output stage, preventing, by the current source, the firstportion of the static current output of the baseband filter from beingdirected to the output stage, wherein the current source and thediode-connected transistor are arranged in parallel in the current-modesignal path, and wherein the diode-connected transistor is programmableto vary gain.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: varying, bythe radio frequency pulse generator, the second static-to-dynamiccurrent ratio at the diode-connected transistor.
 10. The method of claim8, further comprising: outputting, by the radio frequency pulsegenerator, the radio frequency output signal absent connection of aturnaround current mirror connected between the diode-connectedtransistor and the output stage.
 11. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising: generating, by the radio frequency pulse generator, theradio frequency output signal at an upconverting mixer of the outputstage.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the diode-connected transistoris directly connected to the output stage absent a turnaround currentmirror connected between the diode-connected transistor and the outputstage.
 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising: producing, by theradio frequency pulse generator, the radio frequency output signalreferenced to ground from the output stage.
 14. A system, comprising: aquantum controller; and a radio frequency (RF) pulse generatorcontrolled by the quantum controller, wherein the RF pulse generatorcomprises: a baseband filter and an output stage defining a current-modesignal path, and a current ratio reduction device coupled to thebaseband filter and coupled to the output stage, wherein the currentratio reduction device comprises a current source and a diode-connectedtransistor arranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path, whereinthe current ratio reduction device is configured to split a staticcurrent output of the baseband filter into a first portion and a secondportion, wherein the first portion is greater than the second portion,wherein the current ratio reduction device is further configured todirect the first portion of the static current output of the basebandfilter to the current source and direct the second portion of the staticcurrent output of the baseband filter to the diode-connected transistor,wherein the current ratio reduction device is further configured todirect a dynamic current output of the baseband filter to thediode-connected transistor, wherein the diode-connected transistor isconfigured to direct the second portion of the static current output andthe dynamic current output of the baseband filter to the output stage,wherein the current source is configured to prevent the first portion ofthe static current output of the baseband filter from being directed tothe output stage, and wherein the diode-connected transistor is directlyconnected to the output stage absent a turnaround current mirrorconnected between the diode-connected transistor and the output stage.15. The system of claim 14, wherein the baseband filter is configured tohave a first static-to-dynamic current ratio that is higher than asecond static-to-dynamic current ratio of the output stage.
 16. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein at least one of the two or more transistorsof the output stage are selectively adjustable to vary gain.
 17. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the current source is programmable to tune astatic-to-dynamic current ratio at the diode-connected transistor and atthe output stage.
 18. The system of claim 14, wherein thediode-connected transistor is programmable to vary gain.
 19. The systemof claim 14, wherein the output stage comprises two or more transistorsthat are of a same negative type or a same positive type as a type ofthe diode-connected transistor.
 20. The system of claim 14, wherein theoutput stage comprises: an upconverting mixer that generates a radiofrequency output signal.
 21. A device, comprising: a baseband filter andan output stage defining a current-mode signal path; and a current ratioreduction device coupled to the baseband filter and coupled to theoutput stage, wherein the current ratio reduction device comprises acurrent source and a programmable diode-connected transistor in thecurrent-mode signal path, wherein the current ratio reduction device isconfigured to split a static current output of the baseband filter intoa first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion isgreater than the second portion, wherein the current ratio reductiondevice is further configured to direct the first portion of the staticcurrent output of the baseband filter to the current source and directthe second portion of the static current output of the baseband filterto the programmable diode-connected transistor, wherein the currentratio reduction device is further configured to direct a dynamic currentoutput of the baseband filter to the programmable diode-connectedtransistor, wherein the programmable diode-connected transistor isconfigured to direct the second portion of the static current output andthe dynamic current output of the baseband filter to the output stage,and wherein the current source is configured to prevent the firstportion of the static current output of the baseband filter from beingdirected to the output stage, wherein the output stage comprises a pairof parallelly connected output stage portions, and wherein theprogrammable diode-connected transistor is directly connected to one ofthe output stage portions.
 22. The device of claim 21, wherein thebaseband filter is configured to have a first static-to-dynamic currentratio that is higher than a second static-to-dynamic current ratio ofthe output stage.
 23. A device, comprising: a baseband filter and anoutput stage defining a current-mode signal path; and a current ratioreduction device coupled to the baseband filter and coupled to theoutput stage, wherein the current ratio reduction device comprises aprogrammable current source and a programmable diode-connectedtransistor arranged in parallel in the current-mode signal path, whereinthe current ratio reduction device is configured to split a staticcurrent output of the baseband filter into a first portion and a secondportion, wherein the first portion is greater than the second portion,wherein the current ratio reduction device is further configured todirect the first portion of the static current output of the basebandfilter to the programmable current source and direct the second portionof the static current output of the baseband filter to the programmablediode-connected transistor, wherein the current ratio reduction deviceis further configured to direct a dynamic current output of the basebandfilter to the programmable diode-connected transistor, wherein theprogrammable diode-connected transistor is configured to direct thesecond portion of the static current output and the dynamic currentoutput of the baseband filter to the output stage, and wherein theprogrammable current source is configured to prevent the first portionof the static current output of the baseband filter from being directedto the output stage, wherein the programmable diode-connected transistoris directly connected to the output stage absent a turnaround currentmirror connected between the programmable diode-connected transistor andthe output stage.
 24. The device of claim 23, wherein the basebandfilter is configured to have a first static-to-dynamic current ratiothat is higher than a second static-to-dynamic current ratio of theoutput stage.
 25. The device of claim 23, wherein the output stagecomprises two or more transistors that are of a same negative type or asame positive type as a type of the diode-connected transistor.